Roblox Metamethods
C Lua Metatable Y

Any function registered with Lua must have this same prototype, defined as luaCFunction in lua.h: typedef int (.luaCFunction) (luaState.L); So, you have to pass luaState. as the argument and return a number of variables your function returns. Yes, you can return multiple values! Here’s how our lwrite binding function looks: 1.

Lua is implemented as a library, written in clean C, the common subset of Standard C and C. The Lua distribution includes a host program called lua, which uses the Lua library to offer a complete, standalone Lua interpreter, for interactive or batch use. Lua is intended to be used both as a powerful, lightweight, embeddable scripting language.
When the foo instance was created in C land, a metatable was associated with the instance, and the metatable had its index field set to a piece of C code that will get called when index is invoked. Interlude — luaState. When C/C gets called from Lua, the only data that gets passed is a luaState object.

Written by Greenman

Introduction

Let’s start by defining some terms:

metatable (n) - a table attached to another table containing metamethods
metamethod (n) - a function with a specific name that modifies or defines the behavior of certain aspects of a table

Metamethods always have two underscores __ in their name and the name of the metamethod tells you what it does.

Let’s start by setting up a metatable:

The above example doesn’t do much, but it does demonstrate the usage of setmetatable which is a global function that attaches metatables to tables.

Here’s the documentation for the function:

The first argument is returned by the function. Now that we know how to set a metatable, let’s try adding a metamethod.

I’m going to start with a simple one called __index:

On line 7, we see this:

This is the expected result of indexing a table with an index that has no value.

After the line where we call setmetatable, the behavior changes:

Note: The first line shown above is to show you that indexing the table with indices where there are values is still the same.

So, what can we conclude from this example?

Roblox Metamethods

Metamethods are called when specific events happen to the table
The purpose of metatables/metamethods is to change the behavior of tables
__index is called when you access an index with no value (also called a nil value)

One thing I should mention is the arguments the metamethod recieves. Let’s focus on our metamethod definition:

__index is getting t which is the table being indexed and k which is the index or key accessed on the table.

If we did:

Assuming that index 9 has no value and we attached a metatable with __index in it, the metamethod would recieve these arguments:

t (the table we defined)
9 (the index we tried to access)

`__index`

If you remember from the previous section, __index is a metamethod that is triggered when you access an index with a nil value in a table.

The arguments the metamethod receives are: https://tradingyellow.amebaownd.com/posts/20430319.

<table> table - The table being indexed
<string, int> key - The key/index being accessed

Example:

`__index` With A Table

One thing that is unique about the __index metamethod is that you can assign a table instead of a function. In doing so, that table will be accessed when you access a nil value.

Example:

`__index` Chain

One interesting thing about __index with a table is that you can give the table assigned to __index a metatable with __index assigned to another table so if the value is not found in the first backup table, the next table will be searched.

Example:

rawget

Lua has a global function called rawget which allows you to index a table without triggering __index if the value is nil.

Documentation:

Example:

`__newindex`

__newindex is a metamethod that is triggered when you assign an index a value which was nil when the table was created.

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The arguments the metamethod receives are:

<table> table - The table receiving a new value
<string, int> key - The key being assigned a value
<any> value - The value assigned to the key

Example:

In the above example, there’s two things to notice:

The first assignment after the call to setmetatable will not invoke __newindex because index 3 was not originally nil and had a value
The __newindex metamethod uses rawset instead of assigning the value with the usual syntax t[k] = v*2 to prevent a stack overflow

If we didn’t use rawset, this is what would happen:

Output:

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We are invoking __newindex inside the metamethod which results in the metamethod being infinitely invoked. This produces a stack overflow because the space needed to store the variables and information associated with each call (to the metamethod) is more than can fit on the stack.

`__call`

__call is a metamethod that is invoked when you try to call a table like a function.

The arguments the metamethod recieves are:
<table> table - The table being called
<any> .. - The values passed to the function call

Normally, you can’t call a table without producing an error:

Output:

But with __call, you can:

You can also accept and use arguments when working with __call:

If you want to accept any amount of arguments, you can use .. and store the .. in

Introduction

Roblox Metamethods

__index

__index With A Table

__index Chain

rawget

__newindex

__call

`__index`

`__index` With A Table

`__index` Chain

`__newindex`

`__call`

C++ Lua Metatable